Gesture-based screen-magnified touchscreen navigation

ABSTRACT

Screen magnification software on a touchscreen device detects when a low-vision user reaches the boundary of a magnified viewport. If additional canvas or menus lay on the other side of the boundary the present invention enables the low-vision user to maintain the same exploration gesture on the touchscreen while causing the underlying canvas to scroll into view in the direction of the gesture. This invention enables the low-vision user to navigate about the entire underlying canvas of a touchscreen graphic user interface with a single, intuitive touchscreen gesture even under magnification.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to magnification of touchscreen displays. Morespecifically, it relates to software and methods to improve navigationof a touchscreen graphic user interface (GUI) while under magnification.

2. Brief Description of the Related Art

As technology has advanced, graphic displays have vastly improved inclarity and resolution. Not many years ago, 15 inch monitors displayedGUIs at VGA resolutions (640×480 pixels). However, portable, touchscreendisplays like those sold under the KINDLE FIRE HDX brand provideresolutions on an 8.9 inch screen of 2560×1600 pixels or 339 pixels perinch density. The ability to present fonts, images and icons clearly athigh resolutions has provided opportunities for interface and softwaredesigners to put more content on a single screen. However, as users moveto touchscreen devices the screens themselves have become even smaller.

In conjunction with higher screen resolutions in smaller displays,another concurrent phenomenon is the method of navigation itself. Fromthe 1980s to 2010 the most common tools for navigating a GUI werekeyboard and mouse peripherals. In the most popular operating systems,icons were placed on a static desktop canvas defined by the resolutionand size of the physical display monitor. By addition of one or moremonitors, the desktop canvas could be expanded to provide more surfacearea. Nevertheless, this canvas was static and limited the surface areaupon which icons and other control objects could be placed. While thedesktop canvas could theoretically be made to “scroll” this was not anintuitive feature for users using a keyboard or mouse to navigate aboutthe interface. However, this was to change.

While some touchscreen displays were available in a desktop orientationand others (like Microsoft Corporation's early SURFACE brand technology)operated in a tabletop orientation, these were not portable and did notsupport optimum ergonomics. When Apple, Inc. introduced the IPADtouchscreen tablets on Apr. 3, 2010, users could position the device ina comfortable orientation to navigate by touch. On the software level,touchscreen navigation is operable by user “gestures.” Initially, thesegestures only focused on the Cartesian coordinates of a single touchpoint on the display and perhaps a single or double-tap on the screen tofire an event on the device. However, as the technology advanced,devices were able to detect “multi-touch” meaning that one, two or threefingers simultaneously touching the screen could signify differentoperations or states.

From a navigation standpoint, portable touchscreen devices presentedchallenges but new opportunities. The challenges were a smaller displayand smaller desktop in which to show icons and controls. The newopportunities lay in the intuitive nature of sliding a desktop canvasaround. Touchscreen devices lend themselves to a new navigationparadigm. For example, an optical microscope will typically only focuson a small area of a slide. As the viewer wants to see other areas ofthe slide they push the slide with their finger while the viewport ofthe microscope remains static.

By analogy, the display area of a portable device is like the viewportof the microscope . . . it only can see a small area of the entiredesktop canvas. By registering gestures on the touchscreen, the desktopcanvas “slides” under the display viewport in an intuitive manner. Thereare two types of approaches to this movement: (1) scrolling; and (2)paging.

In a scrolling approach the desktop canvas is like a large slide under amicroscope and touchscreen gestures like “swipes” scroll the canvas inthe direction it is pulled by the swipe gesture. This action is similarto moving a sheet of paper around a desk with a finger.

The swipe gesture may react differently depending on the speed, distanceand contact on the finger on the touchscreen. For example, contactingthe screen with a single finger and maintaining the finger in contactwith the screen while moving the finger to the left scrolls the canvasthe same distance to the left as the finger moved. Another gesture is a“flick” in which the finger moves rapidly to the left in which case thecanvas continues to scroll to the left even when the finger is liftedoff the screen from the flick gesture. The scrolling may have an“inertia” effect wherein the canvas initially scrolls at the speed ofthe flick gesture but then slows down to a stop as if the canvas issubject to some friction or other resistive force.

Screen magnification software is well-known for traditional displayscoupled to desktop and laptop computers. The magnification software maybe built into the operating system of the computer or may be third partyapplications such as those sold under the MAGIC brand by FreedomScientific, Inc. Screen magnification software on a traditional computerdisplay typically magnifies a portion of the screen at a user-designatedmagnification level (e.g., 8×). When this happens, the entire canvas ofthe desktop cannot be displayed because at magnification only a portionof the canvas is shown. This is frequently referred to as the“viewport.” Using mouse or keyboard commands, the user would pan aroundthe canvas (whether the background desktop, over an application in theforeground or the like). For traditional operating systems on personalcomputers, the boundaries of the canvas were the edges of the physicaldisplay monitor (or monitors for multi-monitor configurations). As theviewport panned to the edge of the canvas the user simply came to a hardboundary and there was nothing left to scroll to.

However, as noted above, touch-screen device operating systemsfrequently provide a canvas of far greater area that what can bedisplayed at one time. Therefore, under no magnification, the swipegesture moves different parts of the canvas into the field of view. Thisbecomes a problem when the touch-screen device is using screenmagnification. For example, if the user is at 4× magnification, the usercan only view a section of what is viewable at 1×. A user may invoke an“explore” mode by holding down a plurality of fingers onto the screen(e.g., three fingers) which moves the magnified view about theboundaries of the display at 1× but does not scroll the canvas beyondthe 1× display boundaries. When the user explores up to the 1× displayboundary they are required to switch into a “pan” mode to move otherwisehidden canvas into the display area. Pan mode may require change thenumber of fingers held down on the touchscreen (e.g., one finger) orthat the user switch between dedicated touch modes (i.e operating systemgestures and magnification program gestures). The user would then resumethe explore mode again to view sections of the newly available canvasareas at 4×.

A drawback of the current state of the art is requiring the low-visionuser to switch between explore and pan modes when coming up to aviewport boundary. What is needed in the art is a method and/or softwareproduct to detect a viewport boundary that contains additional canvas inthe same direction and automatically pan the user to new canvas areawithout leaving the explore mode.

However, in view of the art considered as a whole at the time thepresent invention was made, it was not obvious to those of ordinaryskill in the field of this invention how the shortcomings of the priorart could be overcome.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a method of navigating a touchscreen computingdevice under software magnification. The touchscreen computing devicehas a screen that is smaller than a scrollable canvas which can bepanned using a touch gesture (typically with a single finger). A singleviewing instance is what can be seen of the canvas at one time. A userwill swipe their finger up, down, left and right to move the canvas inconcert with their own finger's movement. This is much like moving apiece of paper on a desk.

A first canvas view shows a portion of this canvas wherein additionalcanvas exists but to view it one must scroll in another direction.However, once magnification is applied by a screen magnifierapplication, the end user now only sees a section of the first canvasview (which is, in turn, only a section of the entire canvas). The areaviewable under magnification is called the magnification viewport. Whileit is known to pan around the viewport, a problem arises when the enduser comes to a boundary of the first canvas view. Under the currentstate of the art, the user has to stop and change from one predefined,directional touchscreen gesture to another to keep moving across theboundary into a second canvas view. This second canvas view is presentedby movement of the underlying canvas into view. Without changinggestures, the end user under magnification simply hits this boundary andgoes nowhere unless they know to change gestures (e.g., switching from athree-finger “explore” gesture to a single-finger “pan” gesture).

The present invention advances the state of the art by automaticallydetecting the boundary and actuating the scrolling of the underlyingcanvas so that the end user can intuitively continue to explore undermagnification without changing gestures.

In an embodiment of the invention, this “auto scroll” feature isconfigurable by the end user and can be toggled on and off. In anotherembodiment of the invention, exploring gestures may be invoked withinertia wherein a “flick” gesture causes the scrolling to continue evenafter the user lifts their finger from the touchscreen. The inertiaeffect typically displays velocity erosion over time. An embodiment ofthe invention with inertia detects whether the boundary to the nextcanvas view is within the magnified viewport. If it is, then a flickwill carry the user onto the second canvas view by scrolling theunderlying canvas. Alternatively, if the flick was invoked before theboundary is in the magnified viewport then the inertia movement wouldonly move the viewport to the boundary edge. It would take a second“flick” to move across the boundary.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a fuller understanding of the invention, reference should be made tothe following detailed description, taken in connection with theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is an exemplary touch-screen interface showing a left portion ofa canvas menu within the display boundaries of the physical device at nomagnification.

FIG. 2 is an exemplary touch-screen interface showing a single fingerflick gesture that scrolls the canvas toward the left at nomagnification.

FIG. 3 is a conceptual view of the canvas sectioned between the viewableleft portion of the canvas and the non-viewable right portion of thecanvas due to the display limitations of the touchscreen device.

FIG. 4 is a conceptual view of the canvas sectioned between the viewablemiddle portion of the canvas and the hidden right and left edges of thecanvas.

FIG. 5 is a conceptual view of the canvas sectioned between the viewableright portion of the canvas and the non-viewable left portion of thecanvas due to the display limitations of the touchscreen device.

FIG. 6 is a conceptual view of the canvas in a paging metaphor whereinthe left “page” of the canvas is viewable through the display device.

FIG. 7 is a conceptual view of the canvas in a paging metaphor whereinthe right “page” of the canvas is viewable through the display device.

FIG. 8 is a conceptual view of a first portion of the canvas in amagnified viewport in explore mode.

FIG. 9 is a conceptual view of a second portion of the canvas in amagnified viewport in explore mode.

FIG. 10 is a conceptual view of a third portion of the canvas in amagnified viewport in explore mode after the canvas is paginated rightaccording to the invention.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart process view of an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 12 is a conceptual view of relative boundaries between a canvas,screen perimeter and magnification viewport.

FIG. 13 is a conceptual view of a magnified viewport as seen by an enduser.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

In FIG. 1, a touch screen computing device 10 has an outer case 20 and ascreen perimeter 30. The GUI canvas 40 contains a “BEGIN” text link 50and various menu controls including browser 60, chat 70, shop 80, movies90, photos 100, music 105, schedule 110, find 115, time 120, profile130, and files 150. It can be seen that profile 130 and files 150 areonly partially viewable. Canvas 40 is larger than what can be displayedwithin screen perimeter 30. Responsive to a directional touchscreengesture from right to left, the underlying canvas 40 will move as isshown in FIG. 2.

In FIG. 2, gesture 170 moved in first direction 180 (from right to left)which invoked canvas 40 to scroll in concert with the gesture. It can beseen that some controls like browser 60, chat 70 and shop 80 have becomejuxtaposed to screen perimeter 30. However, profile 130 and files 150are now fully in view.

A conceptual view of canvas 40 is presented in FIG. 3. Verticaldimension 250 shows that this particular canvas and GUI only pans on ahorizontal plane. However, this is just an exemplary illustration.Canvas 40 could extend up and down in an alternate embodiment of theinvention. Horizontal dimension 240 is greater than the viewing area 220which is defined by screen perimeter 30 in FIGS. 1 and 2. It can be seenthat off-screen are 230A is not viewable unless the user scrolls canvasto the right to bring it into view.

In FIG. 4, the user scrolled to the right bringing viewing area 220 intoessentially the middle of canvas 40. Off screen areas 230A (right) and230B (left) cannot be viewed in the same instance as viewing area 220.While this may initially seem inconvenient it provides the advantage ofletting the system designers and users to add numerous additionalcontrols and options to canvas 40. Therefore, the dimensionalconstraints of the GUI are no longer fixed. As the end user reaches theright edge of canvas 40 as shown in FIG. 5 no amount of gesturing willmove canvas farther right.

In FIGS. 1-5, the end user scrolled or panned over canvas 40 in agranular way. In other words, as canvas 40 moved left of right, the newcontent came into the field of view relatively incrementally. This isone type of GUI interaction used by Microsoft Corporation in systemssold under the SURFACE brand. An alternative GUI presentation methodfavored by Apple, Inc. and used in system sold under the IPHONE and IPADbrands is that of menu paging as shown in FIG. 6. A first menu 300A anda second menu 300B essentially split the canvas into two differentviews. The active view 310 in FIG. 6 is presented on first menu 300A.Dividing first and second menus 300A-B is conceptual boundary 305. Undernon-magnified views this boundary is relatively unimportant. A simple,single-finger swipe moves between first menu 300A and second menu 300Bas shown in FIG. 7.

However, this simplicity changes when the screen is in a magnified viewas shown in FIG. 8. Magnified view 320 is centered on controls chat 70,shop 80, photos 100 and music 105. A three-finger “explore” gesture 330is invoked in a right direction 340 causing the view to change to FIG.9. The view in FIG. 9 shows controls find 115, schedule 110 and profile130. However, to the right of this view is boundary 305. To the right ofboundary 305 is additional canvas with more controls. However, prior tothe current invention, continuing to invoke explore gesture 330 indirection 340 against boundary 305 would not move canvas 40 to bring upthe additional controls. This is because explore gesture 330 operateswithin the boundaries of first menu 300A. To move beyond boundary 305,the user would previously have to change gestures (e.g., a single fingerswipe) to move to second menu 300B.

However, under the current invention, boundary 305 is detected and theintuitive result for the user is to keep “exploring” to the right. Thatmeans the present invention intercepts this gesture and the position ofthe magnified viewport. Realizing the user is attempting to explorebeyond the magnified viewport, the present invention emulates asingle-figure swipe to move the view of FIG. 9 into the view of FIG. 10.

An embodiment of the invention is presented as process flowchart in FIG.11 wherein magnification is activated in step 350. A switch gesture isdetected 360 and queried as to whether it is a predefined exploregesture. If not, then default panning/scrolling 370 is invoked.Alternatively, if the explore gesture is detected the next query iswhether a boundary of the viewport is reached. If not, the exploregesture continues to pan within the magnified viewport 380. However, ifa boundary is reached then the application queries whether additionalcanvas exists in the direction of the explore gesture. If not, there isno canvas to move and a visual feedback such as an animated “bounce” 390may be displayed. Alternatively, if additional canvas does exist, thesystem emulates a panning gesture (typically a single-finger swipe) toscroll additional canvas 400 into view while the user is still using thesame explore gesture. The application further sets the magnificationviewport on the adjacent canvas 410 after the boundary is crossed.

FIG. 12 shows the relative boundaries between canvas 40, screenperimeter 30 and magnification viewport 235. Additional controls RSS 85,Diary 102, Burn 103, Mute 104 and Power Settings 106 were added below toshow an embodiment of the invention accommodating panning on both ahorizontal and vertical plan. Viewport 235 is conceptual in FIG. 12because while under magnification, the boundaries of viewport 235 areexpanded to screen perimeter 30 as shown in FIG. 13.

Hardware and Software Infrastructure Examples

The present invention may be embodied on various computing platformsthat perform actions responsive to software-based instructions and mostparticularly on touchscreen portable devices. The following provides anantecedent basis for the information technology that may be utilized toenable the invention.

The computer readable medium described in the claims below may be acomputer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. Acomputer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limitedto, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, orsemiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combinationof the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of thecomputer readable storage medium would include the following: anelectrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computerdiskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory(ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flashmemory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory(CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or anysuitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document,a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that cancontain, or store a program for use by or in connection with aninstruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signalwith computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, inbaseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may takeany of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to,electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. Acomputer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium thatis not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate,propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with aninstruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmittedusing any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless,wire-line, optical fiber cable, radio frequency, etc., or any suitablecombination of the foregoing. Computer program code for carrying outoperations for aspects of the present invention may be written in anycombination of one or more programming languages, including an objectoriented programming language such as Java, C#, C++ or the like andconventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C”programming language or similar programming languages.

Aspects of the present invention are described below with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer program instructions. These computer program instructions maybe provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, specialpurpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus toproduce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via theprocessor of the computer or other programmable data processingapparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified inthe flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computerreadable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable dataprocessing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particularmanner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readablemedium produce an article of manufacture including instructions whichimplement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer,other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to causea series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, otherprogrammable apparatus or other devices to produce a computerimplemented process such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer or other programmable apparatus provide processes forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

GLOSSARY OF CLAIM TERMS

Active window: the focused window in the current window manager orexplorer.

Canvas: a virtual container in a graphic user interface that holdsdrawing elements, visual controls and other objects. The canvas area maybe equal to or greater than the boundaries of the display device showingthe graphic user interface.

Explore: a mode of navigation to move within and possibly beyond amagnified viewport.

Gestures: are predefined motions used to interact with touchscreens.Gestures may include, but are not limited to:

-   -   1. Double tap: tap twice with one finger on surface.    -   2. Flick: swipe one finger left or right on surface.    -   3. Long press: touch surface and hold for a given time period.    -   4. Pan: touch surface and move one finger in any direction.    -   5. Pinch close: touch surface and drag two fingers together.    -   6. Pinch open: touch surface and drag two fingers away from each        other.    -   7. Rotate: touch surface with two fingers and smoothly rotate        clockwise or counter-clockwise.    -   8. Scroll: touch surface and move one finger up or down.    -   9. Tap: tap once with one finger on surface.    -   10. Three finger double tap: tap twice with three fingers on        surface.    -   11. Three finger flick: swipe three fingers left or right on        surface.    -   12. Three finger pan: touch surface and move three fingers in        any direction.    -   13. Three finger tap: tap once with three fingers on surface.    -   14. Two finger double tap: tap twice with two fingers on        surface.    -   15. Two finger flick: swipe two fingers left or right on        surface.    -   16. Two finger pan: touch surface and move two fingers in any        direction.    -   17. Two finger scroll: touch surface and move two fingers up or        down.    -   18. Two finger tap: tap once with two fingers on surface.

Inertia: a visual effect whereby a gesture's speed and direction iscorrelated into a movement of the canvas with momentum that continuesfor a predetermined time until it slows to a stop, even after the userhas lifted their finger from the touchscreen. This effect is commonlyinvoked after a “flick” gesture.

Multi-touch: a touchscreen's ability to recognize the presence of two ormore points of contact with the surface.

Pan: the sliding of text, images or video across a monitor or displayanalogous to moving a camera in a panoramic shot.

Scroll: the sliding of text, images or video across a monitor ordisplay, vertically or horizontally.

Touchscreen: an electronic visual display that the user can controlthrough simple or multi-touch gestures by touching the screen with oneor more fingers.

Viewport: display of a section of a display or canvas, often undermagnification.

The advantages set forth above, and those made apparent from theforegoing description, are efficiently attained. Since certain changesmay be made in the above construction without departing from the scopeof the invention, it is intended that all matters contained in theforegoing description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall beinterpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of navigating a touchscreen computingdevice under software magnification, the method comprising the steps of:communicatively accessing the operating system of the computing device,the computing device displaying a canvas scrollable by touch gesturesinvoked by an end user, the canvas having a larger area than can bepresented within screen edges of the touchscreen in a single viewinginstance without reducing a default magnification level of the canvas,wherein the canvas is subdivided into a first canvas view and a secondcanvas view, the first canvas view enclosed by a conceptual boundary;displaying the first canvas view within the screen edges; invoking amagnification feature wherein a portion of the first canvas view isfurther enlarged to the screen edges of the touchscreen, a viewable areawithin the first canvas view defined by a magnification viewport;panning across the first canvas view under a first magnification leveluntil reaching the boundary of the first canvas view, the panninginvoked by a first directional touchscreen gesture; and responsive todetecting additional canvas laying beyond the boundary in the samedirection as a second directional touchscreen gesture, scrolling thecanvas beyond the boundary, whereby the second canvas view is presentedon the touchscreen through the magnification viewport at the firstmagnification level; wherein, within the magnification viewport, a firstdirectional gesture having a first quantity of digits in contact withthe touchscreen scrolls the first canvas view up to the boundary butdoes not scroll the canvas into the second canvas view, while the seconddirectional gesture having a second quantity of digits different fromthe first quantity of digits in contact with the touchscreen scrolls thecanvas across the boundary while maintaining a constant magnificationlevel within the magnification viewport.
 2. The method of claim 1wherein the first and second canvas views are first and second menupages respectively and scrolling across the boundary using thepredefined, directional touchscreen gesture displays the second menupage under the same magnification as invoked when viewing the first menupage.
 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of: invokinginertia with the predefined, directional touchscreen gesture; detectingif the boundary is within the magnification viewport at the time thetouchscreen gesture was effected; and scrolling the canvas into themagnification viewport if the boundary was within the magnificationviewport and not scrolling the canvas if the boundary was not within themagnification view.
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the predefined,directional touchscreen gesture is a three-finger flick.
 5. One or morenon-transitory computer-readable media having computer-executableinstructions for performing a method of running a software program on atouchscreen computing device, the computing device operating under anoperating system, the method including issuing instructions from thesoftware program comprising: communicatively accessing the operatingsystem of the computing device, the computing device displaying a canvasscrollable by touch gestures invoked by an end user, the canvas having alarger area than can be presented within screen edges of the touchscreenin a single viewing instance without reducing a default magnificationlevel of the canvas, wherein the canvas is subdivided into a firstcanvas view and a second canvas view, the first canvas view enclosed bya conceptual boundary; displaying the first canvas view within thescreen edges; invoking a magnification feature wherein a portion of thefirst canvas view is further enlarged to the screen edges of thetouchscreen, a viewable area within the first canvas view defined by amagnification viewport; panning across the first canvas view under afirst magnification level until reaching the boundary of the firstcanvas view, the panning invoked by a first directional touchscreengesture; and responsive to detecting additional canvas laying beyond theboundary in the same direction as a second touchscreen gesture,scrolling the canvas beyond the boundary, whereby the second canvas viewis presented on the touchscreen through the magnification viewport atthe first magnification level; wherein, within the magnificationviewport, a first directional gesture having a first quantity of digitsin contact with the touchscreen scrolls the first canvas view up to theboundary but does not scroll the canvas into the second canvas view,while the second directional gesture having a second quantity of digitsdifferent from the first quantity of digits in contact with thetouchscreen scrolls the canvas across the boundary while maintaining aconstant magnification level within the magnification viewport.
 6. Themedia of claim 5 wherein the first and second canvas views are first andsecond menu pages respectively and scrolling across the boundary usingthe predefined, directional touchscreen gesture displays the second menupage under the same magnification as invoked when viewing the first menupage.
 7. The media of claim 5 further comprising the steps of: invokinginertia with the predefined, directional touchscreen gesture; detectingif the boundary is within the magnification viewport at the time thetouchscreen gesture was effected; and scrolling the canvas into themagnification viewport if the boundary was within the magnificationviewport and not scrolling the canvas if the boundary was not within themagnification view.
 8. The media of claim 7 wherein the predefined,directional touchscreen gesture is a three-finger flick.